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41.
黄土半干旱区集水造林条件下林木生长适宜的土壤水分环境 总被引:50,自引:2,他引:50
2000年在山西方山,采用LI-6200光合测定系统和LI-1600稳态气孔仪,对不同集水措施试验地的刺槐、侧柏和苹果的生理指标进行了实地观测,并辅以相同树种实地盆栽苗木水分胁迫条件下的林木生理指标观测,研究了林木净光合速率、羧化效率、水分利用效率与土壤含水量的定量关系。结果表明:维持刺槐、侧柏和苹果净光合作用的最佳土壤含水量分别为17.13%、15.9%和16.11%,三树种维持叶片水分利用效率的最佳土壤含水量依次为13.23%、10.66%和12.38%;羧化效率最高时的土壤含水量临界值依次为15.7%、15.5%和15.8%;土壤水合补偿点分别为4.55%、3.91%和4.49%。上述三树种蒸腾速率所适宜的土壤含水量分别为18.82%、19.70%和16.33%。根据集水造林的基本构思,可选取维持最佳叶片水分利用效率的土壤含水量临界值作为集水造林林木密度调控的土壤水分阈值和林木需水量的低限计算条件。这一指标可量化为刺槐10%-13%,苹果10%-12.5%,侧柏9.5%-11%。 相似文献
42.
贡嘎山冷杉纯林枯落物储量及其持水特性 总被引:41,自引:4,他引:41
林下枯落物是指覆盖在林地土壤表面的未分解、半分解植物凋落物 ,它是森林植物地上各器官的枯死、脱落物总称 (陈奇伯等 ,1 994)。林下枯落物的存在 ,不仅能促进森林生态系统的物质循环和养分平衡 ,而且在水土保持、水源涵养等方面具有较大作用。因此 ,研究林下枯落物储量及其持水特性就成为森林生态系统研究中的重要内容。国内外许多学者在不同区域对多种森林类型下的枯落物特性作了研究 ,在枯落物的凋落量、凋落动态、分解速度、对土壤结构的改变、对养分元素循环的影响、截持降水、抑制土壤水分蒸发、增强土壤入渗、影响地表径流和土壤侵… 相似文献
43.
以湖南省会同县一块常绿阔叶林为对象,对其林地土壤水分的物理特征、枯枝落叶层的持水特征、土壤水分的下渗特征、降雨雨滴的大小分布及降雨动能特征等进行了测定分析,结果表明,常绿阔叶林生态系统对减少雨水对土壤的侵蚀、涵养水源具有重要的作用. 相似文献
44.
Walter Seidling 《European Journal of Forest Research》2007,126(4):529-544
Crown transparency estimates of Scots pine, Norway spruce, common beech, pedunculate and sessile oak, annually surveyed between
1990 and 2004 within a grid over Germany, provide a suitable response variable to study drought effects on forest trees. Major
climatic factors, available on a monthly basis as plot-specifically interpolated values and parameters of site and stand conditions,
biotic and other relevant factors were used as predictors in different cross- and length-sectional, and longitudinal models.
Stand age is a considerable and most constant driver of crown transparency in all species. Pine, spruce and beech responded—mainly
with a delay of 1 year—with some foliar loss in areas where there was a surplus of temperature after the generally hot and
dry summer of 2003. Parallel time-series analyses delivered species-specific geographic large-scale patterns with delayed
or recent precipitation deficits or temperature surpluses. Even if beech is partly responding in current years with leaf loss
towards precipitation surpluses, defoliation is especially high 1 year after hot summers, partly a result of high seed sets
after such summers. Crown condition of oak responds in dry and warm areas according to the drought stress hypothesis, however,
in cool and wet mountainous ranges oak responds after wet summers with higher defoliation. Longitudinal approaches revealed
for all 4-tree species significant relationships between crown condition and deviations from the long-term means of temperature,
precipitation but also global radiation and wind speed. Results do not always match the drought stress hypothesis, however,
this is not to expect considering the heterogeneous site, stand and climatic conditions across Germany. Complex interactions
of climatic and biotic factors also impede simple relationships. Soil-related clusters reveal higher sensitivity of spruce
and beech towards climatic drought factors on more acid soils with thin humus layers. Also clusters constructed from plot-specific
courses of defoliation reveal groups with rather closer relationships like a group of pine plots in the Oberpfalz, which seems
to be especially sensitive to summer drought. 相似文献
45.
This paper examines the first-best instruments for biodiversity maintenance in commercial boreal forests when landowners behave either in Faustmannian or Hartmanian way. Using an extended Hartman model, we show that biodiversity conservation requires both prolonged rotation age and leaving retention trees. While the former promotes some old growth species, the latter create new structural elements of decaying and dead wood, which can sustain a variety of saprolyxic species. A fully synchronized combination of retention tree subsidy and tax instrument is needed both to lengthen the privately optimal rotation period and to provide an incentive to leave retention trees. Using Finnish data we illustrate empirically the sizes of instruments. When combined with a harvest tax, the retention tree subsidy is 1000 and 750 € in the Faustmann and in the Hartman model, respectively. When used with a timber subsidy or a site value tax, the retention tree subsidy is 1700 €/ha in both models. The harvest tax rate varies over the range 40–65% in the Faustmann model and 20–40% in the Hartman model, while timber subsidy is between 0.5–1.0% and site value tax is about 1.75%. 相似文献
46.
Effects of soil water availability on seedling growth, dry matter production and allocation were determined for Gympie (humid coastal) and Hungry Hills (dry inland) provenances of Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell. and for E. argophloia Blakely (dry inland) species. Seven-month-old seedlings were subjected to well-watered (100% field capacity, FC), moderate (70% FC) and severe (50% FC) soil water regimes in a glasshouse environment for 14 wk. There were significant differences in seedling growth, biomass production and allocation patterns between species. E. argophloia produced twice as much biomass at 100% FC, and more than three times as much at 70% and 50% FC than did either E. cloeziana provenance. Although the humid provenance of E. cloeziana had a greater leaf area at 100% FC conditions than did the dry provenance, total biomass production did not differ significantly. Both E. cloeziana provenances were highly sensitive to water deficits. E. argophloia allocated 10% more biomass to roots than did E. cloeziana. Allometric analyses indicated that relative biomass allocation patterns were significantly affected by genotype but not by soil water availability. These results have implications for taxon selection for cultivation in humid and subhumid regions. 相似文献
47.
太行山北部中山幼林地土壤水分的研究 总被引:28,自引:2,他引:28
以太行山北部山西五台山中山地区幼林地土壤为研究对象,在阳坡、阴坡和半阳坡三种代表性立地上,从土壤水势、水容量等持水特性和土壤水分季节变化角度,并结合树木抗旱性和生长,研究了该地区土壤水分供应状况及其与造林成活和幼林生长的关系。研究表明,土壤有效水范围为-0.3--20bar,正常生长水在-0.3--3bar,轻胁迫水-3--10bar,中胁迫水为-10--20bar;土壤持水特性和有效水范围以阳坡最小,半阳坡最大;土壤自然含水率和有效水含量随降水而呈明显的季节变化特征,阴坡全年土壤含水率高,有效水充足,造林成活率高,幼林生长快,半阳坡和阳坡土壤含水率低,有效水较少,林木易于受旱,需选择抗旱树种,采取抗旱造林措施;整地可明显改善土壤水分状况,是抗旱造林和促进幼林生长的良好措施。 相似文献
48.
49.
50.
Using soft X-ray photography, two-dimensional observations were made of the water distribution within the green stem ofCryptomeria japonica D. Don. Variations in the distribution pattern of the wet area in the horizontal plane of the lower stem were described. The distribution patterns showed extreme variation among individual trees, with broad wet-area distribution types appearing, namely, the regularly distributed wet area and the irregularly distributed wet area. We defined five basic types of wet-area distribution patterns on the basis of their regularity or irregularity. It was concluded that the between-tree variation in the wet-area distribution causes the between-tree variation in the mean moisture content of the heartwood. The distribution patterns of the wet area were similar for individual trees within each plus-tree clone.Part of this paper was presented at 46th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society at Kumamoto, April 1996 相似文献